Centre for Morphology and Structural Heart Disease

2026

Revisiting the anatomy of the atrial chambers in light of knowledge of their development.

Crucean A., Spicer D., Tretter J., Mohun T., Cook A., Sanchez-Quintana D., Hikspoors J., Lamers W., Anderson R.

Journal of anatomy, 2026

The anatomy of atrial conduction: A review of anatomic landmarks integrated with computed tomographic virtual dissection to provide a road map for right atrial pacing.

Tretter J., Ponnusamy S., Vijayaraman P., Cook A., Sánchez-Quintana D., Anderson R., Ben-Haim S.

Heart rhythm, 2026

2025

Staged mechanical circulatory support in paediatric HIT: Bivalirudin anticoagulation across ECMO, VAD, and cardiac transplantation.

Beeman A., Issitt R., Mathias M., Cohen M., Laurence C., Muthialu N., Kostolny M., Thiruchelvam T.

Perfusion, 2025

Surgical outcomes of cardiac fibroma in children: Early results.

Beeman A., Paul J., Capelli C., Mangat J., Tsang V., Kostolny M.

JTCVS techniques, 2025

Fetal Diagnosis of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Restrictive Atrial Septum-Atrial Septal Morphology, Associated Lung Disease and Outcomes.

Dannesbo S., Ho G., Seed M., Guerra V., Chaturvedi R., Cook A., Vejlstrup N., Iversen K., Bundgaard H., Freud L.

Prenatal diagnosis, 2025

Severe Ascending Aortic Aneurysm in a Preschool Age Child.

Rorris F., Kanakis M., Kontou M., Bobos D., Kostolny M.

Pediatric cardiology, 2025

Reply to the Editor-Attitudinally appropriate nomenclature.

Back Sternick E., Anderson R., Mahmud R., Cabrera J., Katritsis D., Farre J., Tretter J., Spicer D., Cook A., Sanchez-Quintana D.

Heart rhythm, 2025

Synchrotron-based X-ray 3D phase contrast imaging and analysis of transmural myocardial tissue from heart failure patients.

Skreb N., Loncaric F., Li K., Bonnin A., Dejea H., Garcia-Canadilla P., Ilic I., Gasparovic H., Milicic D., Bijnens B., Cook A., Planinc I., Cikes M.

Scientific reports, 2025

Morphology and calcification characterization in patients undergoing TAVI: A 3D statistical shape modelling study.

Sivera R., Montgomery-Liljeroth E., Chen Y., Schievano S., Brüning J., Huberts W., Mathur A., Cook A., Patel K., Capelli C.

PLOS digital health, 2025

Avoiding damage to the atrioventricular conduction axis during surgical closure of ventricular septal defects.

Anderson R., Sánchez-Quintana D., Cook A.

European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2025

A new braided model of the Amulet Amplatzer for accurate simulations of left atrial appendage occlusion procedures.

Md R., Lee M., Cook A., Weir-McCall J., Martin C., Peach T., Burriesci G., Bosi G.

Computers in biology and medicine, 2025

del Nido versus St. Thomas' blood cardioplegia in the young (DESTINY) trial: protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial in children undergoing cardiac surgery.

Drury N., Handley K., Jarrett H., Griffin T., Sun Y., Bilkhoo I., Robertson A., Tooke C., Scholefield B., Dunn W., Kostolny M., Stoica S., van Doorn C., Pappachan J., Jones T., Caputo M.

BMJ open, 2025

Cardiomyopathy and thrombogenesis in cats through left atrial morphological and fluid dynamics analysis.

Pons M., Olivares A., Mill J., Matos J., Garcia-Canadilla P., Cerrada I., Guy A., Morales Ferez X., Hutchinson J., Simcock I., Arthurs O., Cook A., Fuentes V., Camara O.

Scientific reports, 2025

Window ductus: Part aortopulmonary window and part patent ductus arteriosus.

Shetty P., Jegatheeswaran A., Pajaziti E., Mortensen K., Capelli C., Kostolny M.

JTCVS techniques, 2025

2024

Cryo-X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging Enables Combined 3D Structural Quantification and Nucleic Acid Analysis of Myocardial Biopsies.

Li K., Syrris P., Bonnin A., Treibel T., Budhram-Mahadeo V., Dejea H., Cook A.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2024

How best to describe the location of the substrates for abnormal cardiac rhythms.

Anderson R., Back Sternick E., Mahmud R., Cabrera J., Katritsis D., Farre J., Tretter J., Spicer D., Cook A., Sanchez-Quintana D.

Heart rhythm, 2024

Beyond genomic studies of congenital heart defects through systematic modelling and phenotyping.

Henderson D., Alqahtani A., Chaudhry B., Cook A., Eley L., Houyel L., Hughes M., Keavney B., de la Pompa J., Sled J., Spielmann N., Teboul L., Zaffran S., Mill P., Liu K.

Disease models & mechanisms, 2024

A 3D Statistical Shape Model of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract in Pulmonary Valve Replacement Patients Post-Surgical Repair.

Swanson L., Sivera R., Capelli C., Alosaimi A., Mroczek D., Lam C., Cook A., Chaturvedi R., Schievano S.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease, 2024

Effectiveness of a new 3D printed simulator for mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair in enhancing the confidence and procedural skills of the operator.

Babu A., Bertolini M., Mullen M., Cook A., Mullen A., Capelli C.

3D printing in medicine, 2024

Revisiting the anatomy of the left ventricle in the light of knowledge of its development.

Crucean A., Spicer D., Tretter J., Mohun T., Cook A., Sanchez-Quintana D., Hikspoors J., Lamers W., Anderson R.

Journal of anatomy, 2024

Multidimensional Analysis of the Adult Human Heart in Health and Disease Using Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography.

Brunet J., Cook A., Walsh C., Cranley J., Tafforeau P., Engel K., Arthurs O., Berruyer C., Burke O'Leary E., Bellier A., Torii R., Werlein C., Jonigk D., Ackermann M., Dollman K., Lee P.

Radiology, 2024

Long-term outcome after neonatal intervention for congenital critical aortic stenosis.

Bonello B., Issitt R., Hughes M., Carr M., Iriart X., Khambadkone S., Giardini A., Kostolny M., Marek J.

International journal of cardiology, 2024

Fluid-structure interaction analysis of the thromboembolic risk in the left atrial appendage under atrial fibrillation: Effect of hemodynamics and morphological features.

Musotto G., Monteleone A., Vella D., Zuccarello B., Cannova R., Cook A., Bosi G., Burriesci G.

Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 2024

Mitral annular disjunction: a ubiquitous finding with or without mitral valvar prolapse.

Anderson R., Westaby J., Sheppard M., Cook A.

Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2024

Left atrial appendage inversion: First computational study to shed light on the phenomenon.

Vella D., Musotto G., Cook A., Bosi G., Burriesci G.

Heliyon, 2024

Striving for physiologic coaptation: An experimental and innovative approach towards designing and implanting aortic neo-leaflets.

Bijral M., Rana M., Berra I., Christov G., Charokopos N., Prodan Z., Kostolny M., Belitsis G.

Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS, 2024

Preoperative surgical planning for biventricular repair of double outlet right ventricle by using a 3D heart model.

Kanakis M., Kostolny M., Samanidis G., Kolovou K., Chatziantoniou A., Giannopoulos N., Kourtidou S., Petsios K., Vrachliotis T., Bobos D.

Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery, 2024

Revisiting the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis for the 21st Century.

Anderson R., Sánchez-Quintana D., Spicer D., Macías Y., Cook A., Cabrera J., Mahmud R., Sternick E., Tretter J.

Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review, 2024

On preserving anatomical detail in statistical shape analysis for clustering: focus on left atrial appendage morphology.

Lee M., Martorana V., Md R., Sivera R., Cook A., Menezes L., Burriesci G., Torii R., Bosi G.

Frontiers in network physiology, 2024

2023

Converting the Fontan Circulation: Challenges and Evolution.

Kanakis M., Chatziantoniou A., Rorris F., Chamogeorgakis T., Kostolny M., Bobos D.

The heart surgery forum, 2023

The Atrioventricular Conduction Axis Revisited for the 21st Century.

Sanchez-Quintana D., Cook A., Macias Y., Spicer D., Anderson R.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease, 2023

Feasibility and safety of synchrotron-based X-ray phase contrast imaging as a technique complementary to histopathology analysis.

Li K., Dejea H., De Winne K., Bonnin A., D'Onofrio V., Cox J., Garcia-Canadilla P., Lammens M., Cook A., Bijnens B., Dendooven A.

Histochemistry and cell biology, 2023

Expert Consensus Statement: Anatomy, Imaging, and Nomenclature of Congenital Aortic Root Malformations.

Tretter J., Spicer D., Franklin R., Béland M., Aiello V., Cook A., Crucean A., Loomba R., Yoo S., Quintessenza J., Tchervenkov C., Jacobs J., Najm H., Anderson R.

The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2023

Arterial Switch for Transposition of the Great Arteries: Treatment Timing, Late Outcomes, and Risk Factors.

Dorobantu D., Espuny Pujol F., Kostolny M., Brown K., Franklin R., Crowe S., Pagel C., Stoica S.

JACC. Advances, 2023

Formal consensus study on surgery to replace the aortic valve in adults aged 18-60 years.

Stoica S., Beard C., Takkenberg J., Mokhles M., Turner M., Pepper J., Hopewell-Kelly N., Benedetto U., Nashef S., El-Hamamsy I., Skillington P., Glauber M., De Paulis R., Tseng E., Meuris B., Sitges M., Delgado V., Krane M., Kostolny M., Pufulete M.

Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2023

Impact of Tracheal Arborization and Lung Hypoplasia in Repair of Pulmonary Artery Sling in Combination With Long-Segment Tracheal Stenosis.

Rudrappa S., Beeman A., Ramaswamy M., Khambadkone S., Derrick G., Kostolny M., Calder A., Muthialu N.

World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery, 2023

2022

Use of virtual reality in complex double outlet right ventricle cases.

Belitsis G., Pajaziti E., Schievano S., Capelli C., Cook A., Kostolny M.

Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS, 2022

Aortic root translocation and en bloc rotation of the outflow tracts surgery for complex forms of transposition of the great arteries and double outlet right ventricle: A multicenter study.

Stoica S., Kreuzer M., Dorobantu D., Kostolny M., Nosal M., Hosseinpour A., Martinez F., Generali T., Hasan A., Mair R., Hazekamp M.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2022

Quantification of Pulmonary Artery Configuration after the Arterial Switch Operation: A Pilot Study.

Martens T., Claeys G., De Groote J., Kanakis M., Kostolny M., Tsang V., Hughes M.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2022

Ductal arch decoded: the use of its spatial fingerprint to design a Norwood type of patch.

Belitsis G., Aynetdinova R., Dent C., Kostolny M.

Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS, 2022

Aortic Arch Phenotypes in Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)-Implications for Surgery and Multi-Modal Imaging.

Gressani A., Aynetdinova R., Kostolny M., Schievano S., Cook A., Belitsis G.

Journal of cardiovascular development and disease, 2022

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after the Norwood operation: making the best of a tough situation.

Brown K., Thiruchelvam T., Kostolny M.

European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2022

Pediatric heart transplantation following donation after circulatory death, distant procurement, and ex-situ perfusion.

Laurence C., Nachum E., Henwood S., Berman M., Large S., Messer S., Kaul P., Baxter J., Quigley R., Osman M., Muthialu N., Davies B., Bohuta L., Kostolny M., Burch M., Fenton M., Andrews R., Thiruchelvam T., Hoskote A., Simmonds J.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation, 2022

Predictors of post-TAVI conduction abnormalities in patients with bicuspid aortic valves.

Esposito G., Kumar N., Pugliese F., Sayers M., Chow A., Kennon S., Ozkor M., Mathur A., Baumbach A., Lloyd G., Mullen A., Cook A., Mullen M., Patel K.

Open heart, 2022

Demonstration of Use of a Novel 3D Printed Simulator for Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER).

Bertolini M., Mullen M., Belitsis G., Babu A., Colombo G., Cook A., Mullen A., Capelli C.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2022

The Role of Patient-Specific Morphological Features of the Left Atrial Appendage on the Thromboembolic Risk Under Atrial Fibrillation.

Musotto G., Monteleone A., Vella D., Di Leonardo S., Viola A., Pitarresi G., Zuccarello B., Pantano A., Cook A., Bosi G., Burriesci G.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2022

Detailed quantification of cardiac ventricular myocardial architecture in the embryonic and fetal mouse heart by application of structure tensor analysis to high resolution episcopic microscopic data.

Garcia-Canadilla P., Mohun T., Bijnens B., Cook A.

Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2022

GOing Forward With the Cardiac Conduction System Using Gene Ontology.

Chloe Li K., Cook A., Lovering R.

Frontiers in genetics, 2022

2021

Enhanced 3D visualization for planning biventricular repair of double outlet right ventricle: a pilot study on the advantages of virtual reality.

Milano E., Kostolny M., Pajaziti E., Marek J., Regan W., Caputo M., Luciani G., Mortensen K., Cook A., Schievano S., Capelli C.

European heart journal. Digital health, 2021

Nomenclature for Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Care: Unification of Clinical and Administrative Nomenclature - The 2021 International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) and the Eleventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).

Jacobs J., Franklin R., Béland M., Spicer D., Colan S., Walters H., Bailliard F., Houyel L., St Louis J., Lopez L., Aiello V., Gaynor J., Krogmann O., Kurosawa H., Maruszewski B., Stellin G., Weinberg P., Jacobs M., Boris J., Cohen M., Everett A., Giroud J., Guleserian K., Hughes M., Juraszek A., Seslar S., Shepard C., Srivastava S., Cook A., Crucean A., Hernandez L., Loomba R., Rogers L., Sanders S., Savla J., Tierney E., Tretter J., Wang L., Elliott M., Mavroudis C., Tchervenkov C.

Cardiology in the young, 2021

My video is better than yours: a new chapter for perioperative assessment of function?

Kostolny M.

European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2021

Enhanced Echocardiography Imaging in Reoperation for Complex Congenital Heart Disease in a Child.

Bonello B., Kostolny M., Marek J.

CASE (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2021

2020

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for the assessment of myocardial disarray, fibrosis and ventricular mass in a feline model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Novo Matos J., Garcia-Canadilla P., Simcock I., Hutchinson J., Dobromylskyj M., Guy A., Arthurs O., Cook A., Luis Fuentes V.

Scientific reports, 2020

Grown-up Congenital Heart Surgery in 1093 Consecutive Cases: A "Hidden" Burden of Early Outcome.

Haapanen H., Tsang V., Kempny A., Neijenhuis R., Kennedy F., Cullen S., Walker F., Kostolny M., Hsia T., Van Doorn C.

The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2020

Repair of pulmonary artery sling with tracheal and intracardiac defects.

Muthialu N., Martens T., Kanakis M., Bezuska L., Nakao M., Derrick G., Marek J., Khambadkone S., Kostolny M., Tsang V.

Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals, 2020

Cardiac multi-scale investigation of the right and left ventricle

Dejea H., Bonnin A., Cook A., Garcia-Canadilla P.

Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy, 2020

Infective Endocarditis Associated With Varicella Zoster Virus Following Aortic Valve Repair.

Kostolny M., Malik T., Bonello B.

World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery, 2020

Micro-computed tomography of isolated fetal hearts following termination of pregnancy: A feasibility study at 8 to 12 weeks' gestation.

Sandaite I., Lombardi C., Cook A., Fabietti I., Deprest J., Boito S.

Prenatal diagnosis, 2020

The utility of aortic valve leaflet reconstruction techniques in children and young adults.

Wiggins L., Mimic B., Issitt R., Ilic S., Bonello B., Marek J., Kostolny M.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2020

Staging of Surgical Procedures in Comorbid Congenital Tracheal Stenosis and Congenital Cardiovascular Disease.

Ramaswamy M., Yeh Y., Varman R., McIntosh N., McIntyre D., Fedevych O., Khambadkone S., Kostolny M., Hewitt R., Muthialu N.

The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2020

Myocardial Function Following Repair of Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery in Children.

Naqvi N., Babu-Narayan S., Krupickova S., Muthialu N., Maiya S., Chandershekar P., Cheang M., Kostolny M., Tsang V., Marek J.

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2020

2019

Author Correction: Comprehensive Analysis of Animal Models of Cardiovascular Disease using Multiscale X-Ray Phase Contrast Tomography.

Dejea H., Garcia-Canadilla P., Cook A., Guasch E., Zamora M., Crispi F., Stampanoni M., Bijnens B., Bonnin A.

Scientific reports, 2019

Myoarchitectural disarray of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy begins pre-birth.

Garcia-Canadilla P., Cook A., Mohun T., Oji O., Schlossarek S., Carrier L., McKenna W., Moon J., Captur G.

Journal of anatomy, 2019

Taking Surgery Out of Reality.

Milano E., Pajaziti E., Sauvage E., Cook A., Schievano S., Mortensen K., Taylor A., Marek J., Kostolny M., Capelli C.

Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging, 2019

Comprehensive Analysis of Animal Models of Cardiovascular Disease using Multiscale X-Ray Phase Contrast Tomography.

Dejea H., Garcia-Canadilla P., Cook A., Guasch E., Zamora M., Crispi F., Stampanoni M., Bijnens B., Bonnin A.

Scientific reports, 2019

Assessing the criteria for definition of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in light of the search for consensus.

Tretter J., Tran V., Gray S., Ta H., Loomba R., O'Connor W., Spicer D., Cook A., Anderson R.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2019

Anomalous origin of both the right and left coronary arteries: a singular anomaly†.

Kostolny M., Kanakis M., Hsia T.

Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, 2019

Technical challenges of lung transplantation in children after arterial switch operation.

Martens T., Kostolny M., Spencer H., Muthialu N.

Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, 2019

Intracommissural and Intramural Left Coronary Artery in a Neonate With Common Arterial Trunk.

Kanakis M., Kostolny M.

World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery, 2019

2018

Classification of Ventricular Septal Defects for the Eleventh Iteration of the International Classification of Diseases-Striving for Consensus: A Report From the International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease.

Lopez L., Houyel L., Colan S., Anderson R., Béland M., Aiello V., Bailliard F., Cohen M., Jacobs J., Kurosawa H., Sanders S., Walters H., Weinberg P., Boris J., Cook A., Crucean A., Everett A., Gaynor J., Giroud J., Guleserian K., Hughes M., Juraszek A., Krogmann O., Maruszewski B., St Louis J., Seslar S., Spicer D., Srivastava S., Stellin G., Tchervenkov C., Wang L., Franklin R.

The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2018

Complex Congenital Heart Disease Associated With Disordered Myocardial Architecture in a Midtrimester Human Fetus.

Garcia-Canadilla P., Dejea H., Bonnin A., Balicevic V., Loncaric S., Zhang C., Butakoff C., Aguado-Sierra J., Vázquez M., Jackson L., Stuckey D., Rau C., Stampanoni M., Bijnens B., Cook A.

Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging, 2018

Quantification of the detailed cardiac left ventricular trabecular morphogenesis in the mouse embryo.

Paun B., Bijnens B., Cook A., Mohun T., Butakoff C.

Medical image analysis, 2018

Staged surgery for an unusual combination of cardiac and tracheal anomalies.

Kanakis M., Muthialu N., Kostolny M.

Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, 2018

Outcomes and prognostic factors for postsurgical pulmonary vein stenosis in the current era.

Kalfa D., Belli E., Bacha E., Lambert V., di Carlo D., Kostolny M., Nosal M., Horer J., Salminen J., Rubay J., Yemets I., Hazekamp M., Maruszewski B., Sarris G., Berggren H., Ebels T., Baser O., Lacour-Gayet F.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2018

3D printing from microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) in human specimens: education and future implications.

Shelmerdine S., Simcock I., Hutchinson J., Aughwane R., Melbourne A., Nikitichev D., Ong J., Borghi A., Cole G., Kingham E., Calder A., Capelli C., Akhtar A., Cook A., Schievano S., David A., Ourselin S., Sebire N., Arthurs O.

The British journal of radiology, 2018

Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of the Left Atrial Appendage to Predict Thrombosis Risk.

Bosi G., Cook A., Rai R., Menezes L., Schievano S., Torii R., Burriesci G.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2018

2017

Early and late outcomes after surgical repair of congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis: a European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association multicentric study.

Padalino M., Frigo A., Comisso M., Kostolny M., Omeje I., Schreiber C., Pabst von Ohain J., Cleuziou J., Barron D., Meyns B., Hraska V., Maruszewski B., Kozlowski M., Vricella L., Hibino N., Collica S., Berggren H., Synnergren M., Lazarov S., Kalfa D., Bacha E., Pizarro C., Hazekamp M., Sojak V., Jacobs J., Nosal M., Fragata J., Cicek S., Sarris G., Zografos P., Vida V., Stellin G.

European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2017

Midterm results of the Ross procedure in children: an appraisal of the subannular implantation with interrupted sutures technique.

Tran P., Tsang V., Cornejo P., Torii R., Dominguez T., Tran-Lundmark K., Hsia T., Hughes M., Muthialu N., Kostolny M.

European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2017

Left-Sided Reoperations After Arterial Switch Operation: A European Multicenter Study.

Vida V., Zanotto L., Zanotto L., Stellin G., Padalino M., Sarris G., Protopapas E., Prospero C., Pizarro C., Woodford E., Tlaskal T., Berggren H., Kostolny M., Omeje I., Asfour B., Kadner A., Carrel T., Schoof P., Nosal M., Fragata J., Kozłowski M., Maruszewski B., Vricella L., Cameron D., Sojak V., Hazekamp M., Salminen J., Mattila I., Cleuziou J., Myers P., Hraska V.

The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2017

Primary Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Outcomes, Risk Factors, and Severity Score in a Multicentric Study.

Kalfa D., Belli E., Bacha E., Lambert V., di Carlo D., Kostolny M., Salminen J., Nosal M., Poncelet A., Horer J., Berggren H., Yemets I., Hazekamp M., Maruszewski B., Sarris G., Pozzi M., Ebels T., Lacour-Gayet F.

The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2017